What Causes Aggression Is It an ‘Instinct’ or a ‘Learned...

What causes aggression? Is it an ‘instinct’ or a ‘learned behaviour’? (a) Compare and contrast the views of any two psychological domains on the causes of aggression. (b) Evaluate the validity of their claims in the order to reach an informed decision about the causes of aggression. In order to explore the causes of aggressive behaviour, we have to be clear about what we mean by aggressive behaviour. The psychological definitions of aggression are determined by theoretical perspectives and there is no consensus within or across the sciences about its components. For example some researchers support that aggression is an inborn, instinctive process based on which we intend to harm others. Such approaches adopt a definition that places†¦show more content†¦Their main focus has been to look at how the brain functions and how it can control aggression. The behaviourist approach view aggression as a learned behaviour and place significance on environmental influences rather then internal drives. They see aggression as a particular class of voluntary responses, which are acquired and modified by the means of reinforcement. This viewpoint emphasises the role of the situation rather than the person and individuals are seen as passive and as receptors of stimulation offered by the environment. The external world shapes learning by offering reinforcement and learning itself is seen as the outcome of associating certain behaviours with rewards or punishments. There are two main aspects of aggressive behaviour which have been supported by this approach: instrumental aggression and the role of frustration in aggression. Instrumental aggression is ‘aggressive behaviour which is maintained because it is positively reinforced’ (Glassman 2004, p.342). The primary goal of such aggression is not injury or harm to the victim; the aggr ession is simply a means to some other desired end. One such end could be self defence. Thus whenever the individual wishes to achieve the same environmental response, they demonstrate the same patterns of aggressive behaviour. In contrast not all acts of aggression lead to reinforcement and in contrast the individual may be punished. TheShow MoreRelatedChildren s Innate Desire For Adults Based On Rewards883 Words   |  4 Pagesdeciding the outcome of their behaviour and hence their aggressive conduct. Ferguson also discussed that aggression is distinctly different to violence. He explained the intention of the Bobo Doll to bounce back, conveyed the impression to the test subjects that it was going to hit them and thus, producing their survival instincts to ignite and respond by hitting the doll. Ferguson’s view suggested that participants were acting on survival instinct rather than aggression undermines Bandura et al. (1961)Read MoreAggression Is It ‘Nature’ or ‘Nurture’2434 Words   |  10 PagesAggression is it ‘Nature’ or ‘Nurture’ During our lifetime every one of us feels anger and aggression occasionally, some more than others, maybe as a child in the play ground or later as an adult when somebody cuts you up when you are driving along. But what causes anger and aggression and why do we all suffer from it? Well there are lots of different theories to what causes aggression and where aggressive behaviour comes from. So throughout this essay I will examine the different concepts and theoriesRead Moreâ€Å"Aggression is necessary for survival: Discuss. Base your answer on psychological theories and models introduced in class2757 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿ESSAY TITLE: â€Å"Aggression is necessary for survival: Discuss. Base your answer on psychological theories and models introduced in class.† ABSTRACT Basing itself on the fact that one of the fundamental purposes of the United Nations is to maintain international peace and security and to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace.( See attachment 1). The next two paragraphsRead MoreFreuds Theories on Personality Development Essay555 Words   |  3 PagesFreuds Theories on Personality Development Freud’s’ psychodynamic approach attempts to explain what drives or motivates personality development. He suggested that an individual is driven to satisfy biological urges and theses motives cause us to interact with the environment, so that early experiences play an important role. Freud identified three different parts of the mind, which are based on Read MorePsychology Is The Study Of The Mind And Behavior1389 Words   |  6 PagesPsychology is the study of the mind and behaviour. Since Psychology first emerged there has been ,many differing schools of Psychology each with different theories in which to understand human behaviour. In this essay I will explain the four major schools of psychology including psychoanalysis, behaviourism, biological and cognitive, and the major influences behind each such as Freud. Psychoanalysis is a school of thought first developed by Sigmeund Freud(1856-1939) one of the most influentialRead MoreHuman Emotions and Cognition Essay3337 Words   |  14 Pagesstates and intentions to others; and they activate emotions in others, a process that can account for angry, aggressive and violent behaviour (Macropaedia 1992: 18: 248). This essay will consider the meaning of anger, aggression and violence in terms of emotion and the activation, structure and functions of them culturally, environmentally and socially. Anger, aggression and violence are three intense sources of emotion and emotional expression, which psychologically are defined as a state of feelingRead MoreAggression Is A Common Term And A Key Concept1766 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"Aggression† is a common term and a key concept when it comes to the study of human behaviour. Aggression is different from anger. It is with no doubt that everyone will have experienced anger at some point in their l ifetime and this anger may have been channelled into various forms including violence. The level of violence is variable and can even at times lead to murder. There is a close relationship between aggression and anger; however aggression is different from anger. It can be describedRead MoreInnate Theory : Innate Factors1258 Words   |  6 PagesThe following essay will set out to answer whether innate factors need to be considered in order to explain our behaviour. Throughout the essay I will look at key branches of psychology which contribute to our behaviour. I will also compare and contrast both heritable and environmental factors, this comparison will enable me to uncover the level of importance within heritability. We are led to believe that one gene can contribute to a behavioural trait, most people are unaware of the extensiveRead MorePsychology Essay on Aggression1780 Words   |  8 PagesAggression is a complex phenomenon influenced by genetic and psychosocial factors. The topics of aggression have been argued by many psychologists with different perspectives. Aggression can be described as a verbal or physical attack or even an insult such as threats, or sarcasm. Aggression can be broken down into two types, hostile and instrumental. Hostile aggression develops from feelings of anger hence; the intention is to inflict pain, for instance, someone deliberately hitting another withRead MorePsychodynamic vs Behaviourist Theory1892 Words   |  8 Pagesphilosophical speculation and reasoning over the years it has evolved and it is now also recognised as a science, to understand what psychology is all about it is necessary to know it’s origins and the theorist who brought it out of o bscurity, Sigmund Freud. He developed the Psychodynamic or Psychoanalytical perspective to enable better understanding of human behaviour these concepts will be discussed further later in this study. After Freud opened the gateway other perspectives and approaches

The Between Ancient Chinese And Their Relationships With...

People sceptical of Chinese traditional culture’s relevance to modern environmental concerns will point out that ancient Chinese had no term for nature in, as it were, the David Attenborough sense – nature as what natural historians study, and what TV nature programmes are programmes about. This does not mean that the Chinese were unable to talk about natural landscapes and wild things, nor that their concept of nature were without implications for our relationship to nature in this sense. It does indicate, though, that the Chinese were not wedded to ‘a wilderness ideal’ and that they did not emphasis a sharp distinction between the human and nature world. Leisure in the ancient Chinese study will uncover the relationship between ancient Chinese and their relationships with nature. Echoing with the introduction chapter, the definition of leisure in ancient China refers to characters of both xiu (a person leaning against a tree) and xian (refinement and the purity and peacefulness of mind). As Shuowen has it, xiu character should depict such as scene also reflects the Chinese understanding of man’s relationship with-and their worship of –nature . The concept of leisure contains harmonious relationships between human beings and nature, with humans being considered part of nature. Thus, we should not want only offend nature, but should take the reverence of nature to be natural. In ancient times, the Chinese used the term tiandi (heavens and the earth) to mean nature andShow MoreRelatedThe Chinese Traditional Culture Influences On The Outdoor Leisure And The Nature Essay1331 Words   |  6 Pages2. The Chinese Traditional Culture influences on the Outdoor Leisure and the Nature As for the definition of â€Å"nature†, western definition of nature is in its literal meanings embodied in wildness e.g. natural landscape and wild things, which is intact from human interventions, while unlike Western culture’s definition of nature, Chinese traditional culture emphasizes the coexistence between human and nature. Leisure (xiu xian) in the ancient Chinese study will uncover the relationship betweenRead MoreRoot Aesthetics : China And The Three Perfections Of The Cultivated Scholar1159 Words   |  5 Pagesthe harmonious relationship of social exchanges within the circumstances that are concrete within a particular social context. The Chinese poetic tradition believes in the existence of correlations that are fundamental and mutually implicating between the nature patterns and the human culture. This is said to be the origin of Chinese first two traditional poems. First, there is the traditional canonical where a poem was believed to invoke a pre-establish network of coloration between the world andRead MoreThe Cultural Analysis Of Outdoor Leisure Essay1732 Words   |  7 PagesChapter Five: The Cultural Analysis of Outdoor Leisure in the Select Field Cities 1. Introduction In the last chapter, the development of outdoor leisure practices in the selected cities is in tamed with the transformations of Chinese government economic strategies. With increasing disposable money, overall increased spare time compared with Maoist era, health conscious as well as the negative consequences caused by modernization in terms of high pressure of working condition with high trade-offRead MoreEssay on Taoism and Nature In Chinese Medicine 1481 Words   |  6 Pagesever developed is traditional Chinese medicine. The Taoist ideas and the importance of nature have been intertwined with Chinese Medicine from the ancient beginnings of Chinese culture. â€Å"Tao or way, is the major idea of Taoism: Man models himself on earth, earth on heaven, heaven on the way, and the way on that which is naturally so. Taoism teaches that human beings should be in harmony with nature, that is, with Tao† (Y). Taoism celebrates the forces of nature and recognizes the inter play ofRead MoreHomosexuality in China1749 Words   |  7 Pagesconservative society where do not get really open to sexual discussion. Even now, dating in high-school is considered too early and does not appropriate in China, which would cause problems in school if being found by teachers or parents. Meanwhile, Chinese attitude towards homosexual is more open than the West society. The night life for gay people are so various and at least among the young, we do not avoid talking about this topic. When the whole world is under the discussion of â€Å"equal marriage† andRead MoreDifference Between Eastern and Western Architecture1510 Words   |  7 Pagessolidification of the epic . Both ancient and spiritual civilization , human beings are a cultural form of speace . Architectural expression of a certain outlook on life ,cosmology , aesthetics and thus a comprehensive reflection of both the characteristics of the times is the concentrated expression of national culture . T he difference between Chinese and western architectural forms , the performance of cultural differences . It reflects the difference between physicial and natural environment,Read More Chinese Shih Poetry And Philosophy Essay1118 Words   |  5 Pagesthe millennia it has come to mean much more. The philosophies of the ancient Chinese people, whether they explain nature or present ways to live a just life, became so complex that simple prose could not suitably express their meaning. Yet paradoxically, the simpler, less exact form of poetry does put forth the ideas. Nowhere is this more exemplified than in the literature pertaining to the two major schools of ancient Chinese thought; Taoism and Confucianism. Poets such as Tu Fu and Po Chà ¼-i expressedRead MoreAnalysis Of Farewell My Concubine By Lillian Lee1677 Words   |  7 Pagesconvention regarding men who impersonated women in the Chinese films. In the film namely ‘’Farewell my Concubine,’’ gives a description of what initially started as something that meant well in artistic and cultural tradition of the east but was later turned into feminization of the genders in the society. Chen Kaige directed the movie in the year 1993. It is based on novel done by Lillian Lee. As such, the film follows the relationship that existed between two brothers and opera performers that acted onRead MoreAncient China And Traditional Chinese Medicine1736 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION In ancient China, life revolved around superstitious beliefs and doctrine stemming from the idea that balance and harmony were factors commanding regularity. In encompassing the human body, the beliefs, now labeled as traditional Chinese medicine, were primarily used to explain health and disease, and therefore were incorporated into medicinal practices. Ancient Chinese acupuncturists not only utilized these medicinal beliefs for remedial reasons, but for some, it was used for destructionRead MoreArt in the 21st Century 11512 Words   |  7 PagesSwedish artist who lives and works in Berlin, explores themes of fantasy, dreams and sexuality through stop motion animation. Xian is a Chinese artist living in Australia who combines traditional Chinese materials and techniques with a contemporary sculptural practice to address issues surrounding cultural displacement, identity politics and the relationship between East and West. Djurberg’s work; Putting down the prey, and Xianâ₠¬â„¢s body of work, Metaphysica. (GoMA, 2011) Although seemingly quite different

Ethics and Professional Practice for Hierarchy- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theEthics and Professional Practice for Hierarchy Management. Answer: Introduction The ethical practices are very much significant things in the modern day organizations and other fields. The organizations always follow some ethical frameworks that should be according to the ethical frameworks set up by the hierarchy management. Some significant things should always be kept in mind by the people who have to practice these ethical frameworks properly. The moral principles will have to be maintained properly indeed. Some of the important things related to ethics are the respect for the autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence and justice. The organizations and their managers have to maintain these ethics properly so that they can provide the best services to their clients in due time. The ethical frameworks will have to be maintained in the professional practices for the all the sectors (Robichaux 2012). The members of the organizations and other institutions should always comply with the ethical frameworks in their respective professional practices. It is a known fact or that all the service providers should always comply with the ethical frameworks properly. The professional practitioners are liable to provide the best services to their clients all the time and the clients should always trust the practitioners as well. They should provide the best works according to the professional standards and the work should always be competence based. Ethical frameworks The ethical frameworks for the professional practice go through some important things like the respect for the autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence and justice (Faden et al. 2013). These four principles are considered to be the basic principles for the medical professional practice. These issues are considered to be the basic pillars of the moral and ethical life. The ethical decision making can be influenced by these frameworks as well (Banks et al. 2013). The first point deals with the respect for autonomy or the persons (Holmes 2016). This point says that all the human beings will have to be respected and their individual choices will have to be given the first priority in all the cases. They can hold some essential views about all the things. They should also be free to take the proper actions according to their core set of beliefs. They will take these decisions as their values and beliefs dictate them (Hans, Van Houdenhoven and Hulshof 2012). The second point is about the non-malificence or doing no harm to the individuals. According to this point, any individual should not do any harm to any other individual intentionally. It has to be understood from the medical ethics that any doctor should first keep in mind that they should not do any harm to any patient or any other people (Timimi 2012). According to the third framework, beneficence should be taken as one of the most important aspects that says the medical practitioners should always provide the proper assistance or benefits to the needy persons. They should also make positive contributions to the welfare of these people. They should also always do some actions that should be beneficial for the people in need (Kelleher 2014). The fourth framework is about the importance of justice. This says that all the people should be treated equally. No discriminations should be made between them. This will create equality among the people. All the benefits should be distributed to all the people in the fair amount as well (Rhodes, Battin and Silvers 2012). Major contributions of this framework This framework always describes the philosophies or the principles that are essential for the American life. This framework can familiar to most of the people in many aspects. This is not according to the philosophical terms but it is very important from the medical perspectives as well. This framework can be compared from the aspect of the duty-based and outcome-based theories properly (Rhodes, Battin and Silvers 2012) The two issues like respect for autonomy and justice are duty-based but the non-maleficence and beneficence can be considered as the outcome-based theories. This framework always provides the most useful guidelines according to which the actions could be taken. This framework can also be considered as an approach that is very much compatible with the general bioethical approach and the ethical approach related to clinical practice. This framework will have to be flexible. The people will have to response to all the situations. Issues and challenges This framework has some issues like this lacks the proper moral theory that has some unifying quality. This unifying quality is indeed very important to bring all the principles together and provide the proper guideline (Rhodes, Battin and Silvers 2012) Many conflicts can arise during the implementation of this framework. However, no decision making tools have been specified here in order to resolve these conflicts. It is indeed very difficult to maintain a balance between all these principles. The matter of autonomy is different in different cultures. In some this talks about the individual autonomy but in some cases this talks about the collective or family or community autonomy. Informed consent Informed consent is one of the most important things in the medical ethics or professional practice. This aspect deals with the fact that the doctors will give information about a particular process of treatment for some disease (Faden, Beauchamp and Kass 2014). After the patients listen to the process it is up to him whether he will go through the treatment process. The patients and their families will undergo the process of understanding the main risks and benefits of this process. The patients and their families have the proper authority whether they want to undergo that treatment process (Faden, Beauchamp and Kass 2014). There are some moral or the legal issues that are linked with this process. The patients have the proper right to make all the decisions about their health. The patients are liable to give their informed consent which might be voluntary. If a person fails to provide thee informed consent before the test or the procedure it is called battery. There are some important elements or components for the informed consent (Grady 2015). These elements are the facts that the patients must have the ability to make the proper decisions. The second component is the fact that the provider of the medical facilities must provide the patients with all the necessary documents about the treatment process, tests, procedures of the tests or if the patients have any questions about it (Grady 2015) The process of checking the informed consent The patients have to give the informed consent to the clinical service providers before the beginning of the new treatment procedures. It is up to the patients whether they will take the new treatment process. The patients have all the right to take these decisions. The clinical service providers will supply all the necessary information about the clinical treatment procedure and the patients will then decide and provide their feedback to the clinical service providers (Grady 2015) The clinical service providers will ask many questions about the continuation about the treatment procedures. If the patients are happy with the things and the processes, they can say yes to the service providers. The patients do have the right to say yes or no. the matter can be put in the way if the patients and their families say yes they are giving the informed consent. However, the patients always have the right to change their minds. If the patients do not agree with the procedure or they say mo it w ill probably not affect the benefits they are getting in the future. The patients and their families will provide the answers to the service providers and the answers will be recorded for any future use (Grady 2015) If there is any discrepancy in the process, the records will be used as the proof. Thus the patients families will be given a hard copy of the records for the future as well. The families of the patients will probably have to sign a form for major issues like the blood transfusions and surgeries. This form is named the Consent for Clinical Treatment or Procedure. Limits of confidentiality when working with clients One of the most important things in the clinical relationship is the maintaining of the confidentiality (Brown, Patrick and Pasupathy 2013). All the issues and events in the participating in the clinical cases should be kept confidential. The important events like the appointment schedules, the things that will be done in the counseling sessions, all the records that would be kept for the future use have to be kep confidential as per the legal premises. The clinical service providers will have to provide the necessary information to the families of the patients on how they will keep all the things very much confidential from everybody (Brown, Patrick and Pasupathy 2013) It is to be said that the confidential things between the clients and the clinical service providers should be revealed only when the clients have signed the consent form or the clients have been harmed very seriously due to whatever cause. Professional misconduct Professional misconduct is a very serious issue in the ethical backgrounds for the organizational procedures and others (McGowan 2012). All sorts of behaviors that are not acceptable by the clients and other related people are called the professional misconduct. The professional misconduct is liable to be punished. The people who should be found guilty for performing this professional misconduct shall be duly punished indeed. There are some elements that should be put under this issue or professional misconduct. These issues and elements are the people who have obtained their licenses by fraud, the people who are indulged in the clinical practices by not conforming to the legal and ethical guidelines indeed (McGowan 2012). The people who are practicing this clinical profession and still neglect the clients are liable to be punished. If they are found to neglect the clients on some particular case, they should be punished indeed. The people who are practicing the clinical profession w ith incompetence should also be punished as well. Some other elements are practicing of the profession with being addicted to the drugs, alcohol, mental or physical disabilities. If the clinical practitioners have committed some acts of criminal violence they should be punished strictly as well. Ethical frameworks The ethical framework is one of the most important things in the building of the proper relationship between the customers and the service providers (Fawkes 2014). The service providers will always have to maintain these ethical frameworks so that they can abide by all the legal guidelines and provide their clients with the best services indeed. It has to be remembered that many options can arise while undertaking some work but the choice has to be made to complete the work ethically (Fawkes 2014) The ethical principles will have to be followed in order to get the best results indeed. The ethical principles are included in the ethical frameworks that would be helpful for the various aspects of decision making (Robbennolt and Sternlight 2013). The customers will be provided with the proper support and guidance for choosing the best products. The situations are very important for making the right decisions at the right time. If the decisions have direct impact on other people, they wil l have to be taken properly. The ethical decisions should be taken discussing the issues and coming to a decision that will be better for everybody. Person responsible for taking the ethical decisions In my opinion, it is very important to take the right decisions in all the professional practices. Some important things that have to be kept in mind like the ethical awareness in the professions. The persons at the managerial level should decide what code of ethics should be followed in the organizations. The employee should always carry out their works in an ethical way. This would be very helpful for the organizations. The top managers should direct the ways how the clients should be handled in an ethical manner. The persons who break these ethical guidelines should be fined as well. Conclusion This paper can be concluded by saying that ethical frameworks and decision making is one of the most important aspects in the professional practice. May important things have been discussed here as well like the professional misconduct, informed consent; the most important things that contribute to the ethical frameworks and the aspect of confidentiality with the clients have also been discussed here. These things are very essential for the maintenance of the ethical aspects in the professional practice and clinical research. These things will be very important for the maintaining the ethical frameworks in the professional practices. References Banks, S., Armstrong, A., Carter, K., Graham, H., Hayward, P., Henry, A., Holland, T., Holmes, C., Lee, A., McNulty, A. and Moore, N., 2013. Everyday ethics in community-based participatory research.Contemporary Social Science,8(3), pp.263-277. Brown, G.D., Patrick, T.B. and Pasupathy, K.S. eds., 2013.Health informatics: a systems perspective. Health Administration Press. Faden, R.R., Beauchamp, T.L. and Kass, N.E., 2014. Informed consent, comparative effectiveness, and learning health care.N Engl J Med,370(8), pp.766-768. Faden, R.R., Kass, N.E., Goodman, S.N., Pronovost, P., Tunis, S. and Beauchamp, T.L., 2013. An ethics framework for a learning health care system: a departure from traditional research ethics and clinical ethics.Hastings Center Report,43(s1). Fawkes, J., 2014.Public relations ethics and professionalism: The shadow of excellence. Routledge. Ferrell, O.C. and Fraedrich, J., 2015.Business ethics: Ethical decision making cases. Nelson Education. Ford, R.C. and Richardson, W.D., 2013. Ethical decision making: A review of the empirical literature. InCitation classics from the Journal of Business Ethics(pp. 19-44). Springer, Dordrecht. Grady, C., 2015. Enduring and emerging challenges of informed consent.New England Journal of Medicine,372(9), pp.855-862. Hans, E.W., Van Houdenhoven, M. and Hulshof, P.J., 2012. A framework for healthcare planning and control. InHandbook of healthcare system scheduling(pp. 303-320). Springer, Boston, MA. Holmes, D., 2016.Critical interventions in the ethics of healthcare: Challenging the principle of autonomy in bioethics. Routledge. Kelleher, J.P., 2014. Beneficence, justice, and health care.Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal,24(1), pp.27-49. McGowan, C., 2012. Patients confidentiality.Critical care nurse,32(5), pp.61-64. Rhodes, R., Battin, M. and Silvers, A. eds., 2012.Medicine and social justice: essays on the distribution of health care. Oxford University Press. Robbennolt, J.K. and Sternlight, J.R., 2013. Behavioral Legal Ethics.Ariz. St. LJ,45, p.1107. Robichaux, C., 2012. Developing ethical skills: from sensitivity to action.Critical care nurse,32(2), pp.65-72. Timimi, F.K., 2012. Medicine, morality and health care social media.BMC medicine,10(1), p.83.

The Black Death, the Late Medieval Demographic Crises, and the Standard of Living Controversies

Introduction Historical events are directly or indirectly responsible for the prevalent issues in the contemporary world. For instance, the aftermath of the Second World War is directly and indirectly responsible for the business and economic landscape that the world enjoys today.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Black Death, the Late Medieval Demographic Crises, and the Standard of Living Controversies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Similarly, occurrences such as the Black Death, the late medieval demographic crises, and the standard of living controversies that transpired in Europe many centuries ago have continued to influence Europe economically and socio-culturally. It may not be a simple task to pinpoint such influences in modern Europe, but traces of these ancient occurrences exist even to date. This essay explores these events (the Black Death, the late medieval demographic crises and the standard of living controversies) in a bid to gain a clear concept of their causal factors, incidence, and aftermath. The Black Death and other Medieval Demographic Crises The Black Death is a phrase that is commonly used to refer to a mid-fourteenth century pandemic that struck Europe and killed over one third of the population of the continent. Specifically, the adverse effects of the pandemic were severe between 1347 and 1348, which was a considerably high number of deaths to have been recorded out of a disease breakdown (Munro 8). Most literature on the Black Death tends to show consensus on the view that the pandemic was due to Bubonic Plague caused by Yersinia pestis, which is a bacterium that is associated with rodents (Cohn 719). Thus, according to some historians, rats played a major role in the spread of the plague from one location to another. The pandemic is at the center of numerous controversies. Some historians assert that it obtained its name the â€Å"Black Death† becau se its victims’ skins turned black apparently due to sub-dermal hemorrhages they suffered under the ravages of the plague (Cohn 722). Such claims make the name of the pandemic a moot point because another group of historians dispute the idea that the name originated from the discoloration of the victims’ skins, but it is instead a metaphorical expression used to allude to the terrible nature of the pandemic (Cohn 724).Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These controversies are also typical of the claims about the events that preceded the Black Death. Many historians have given varying explanations as to what led to the occurrence of such a devastating pandemic. This essay thus proceeds to explore the different perspectives on the same. Several authors have given their own accounts of what they think might have led to the Black Death. Such explanations vary from erratic climat ic patterns to low levels of hygiene among the people of medieval Europe, especially in the village settings. The aforementioned idea of the pandemic’s origin in China and spreading through trade routes into Europe is one of the explanations, which have been offered by historians about the origin and spread of the plague that caused the Black Death (Zapotoczny 2). A complete departure from the idea that the pandemic originated from the East is given with an explanation that anchors on the great famine, which was witnessed in Europe between 1314 and 1322 (Haddock and Kiesling 545). This famine was occasioned by several factors among them the almost biblical flooding of 1314 to 1317, epidemics such as the cattle panzootic that ravaged herds between 1314 and 1321 as well as the acute decline in salt supply, which limited the ability to season meat to compensate for the reduction in cereal production. In addition, wars were also a common feature of this era, and thus armies consu med much of the scarce resources. This continuum of unfavorable events exacerbated the already wanting food situation in Europe. Harvests were not only meager but were also in most cases not fit for human consumption mainly because the incessant rains leeched nitrates from the soil thus leaving the crops with nothing to enhance their growth and development. The result was crops infested with diseases such as rusts, smuts, mildews, and molds.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Black Death, the Late Medieval Demographic Crises, and the Standard of Living Controversies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These impurities made the crops poisonous because when ingested, these substances lowered the immunity of the people and caused ill mental health as well. Considering the events of the fourteenth century, it emerges that it was a century of great agony to the continent of Europe because so much happened within a rela tively short time. However, the great famine and the events that accompanied it such as the incessant rains, ravaging wars, animal epidemics, and illnesses that emerged from consuming unhealthy food abated in the 1320s. This famine came upon Europe at a time when the continent had previously experienced a period of relative calm that had given them a carefree attitude. There was a period of sustained economic expansion and improvement of the standards of living that defied the effects of population growth. Historians report that between 800 and 1300, the population of Europe had been on a steady rise, which saw it move from below 40 million to over 80 million. This growth was accompanied by an expansion in production, which saw the standards of living rise despite the rise in population. Even though the population rose steadily, there were enough resources to match and sustain the population escalation. By the beginning of the 14th century, the population of Europe was at a point wh ere no margins were left in the production such that any slight fluctuation in the production was capable of causing a food crisis. This assertion implies that the resources had stretched to their maximum production capabilities. In addition, at the time, the European society was largely agrarian such that its well-being was anchored on the performance of crops and livestock. This inclination towards agriculture was dangerous as at the time farmers depended on natural conditions as opposed to the contemporary times where irrigation and farming best practices are a common place. Therefore, any occurrence affecting food production would put the society in a precarious situation.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More At this point, it is apparent that the Malthusian crisis was imminent upon the European people. According to Malthus, expansion and growth was only sustainable to the limit of resources; beyond that point, the world would naturally decongest itself to a level the pattern would start over again. It is true that right at the time when Europe was stretched to its limit, disaster struck causing production to decline several folds not only in crops, but in livestock as well because livestock epidemics such as the cattle panzootic swept across Europe at the time. This sequence of events tends to espouse the argument that Malthus advanced. However, what is not clear is how the erratic weather patterns such the rains and livestock epidemics came in to trigger one of the greatest famines ever recorded in annals of the world. It would be easier to claim that the great famine was a Malthusian crisis if production was maintained at pre-famine levels but people perished because the production wa s not adequate to sustain everyone. In other terms, the great famine cannot be exhaustively explained from an economics point of view, which has left many in a dilemma because though it would be easier to assume that it was a Malthusian crisis, the origin of floods and livestock epidemics is beyond economics, yet Malthus advanced his argument from an economics point of view. The Black Death, which descended on the continent in late 1340s, set in after a full decade of no major occurrences. The production levels in both the manufacturing and the agriculture industry had gone back to pre-famine levels (Munro 9). This aspect implies that an attempt to link the great famine and its effects to the Black Death may not strongly hold. In this sense, the Black Death and the great famine are independent of one another. The relationship between the two rests only in the fact that the two were among the events that added to the agonies of the 14th century Europe. They are both part of the demog raphic crises of late-medieval Europe. Statistics show that the decline in population of Europe had started to decline before the advent of the Black Death. The most illustrious example can be seen in the demographic records of Tuscany (Italy) which show a decline of between 30%-40% before the Black Death. Similar records exist for other towns and regions in Europe albeit at varying degrees of severity. In this sense, the great famine was part of a continuum of unfortunate occurrences of the 14th century that almost depopulated Europe. The Black Death is also part of the continuum as are several other outbreaks that claimed considerable numbers of lives after the Black Death. Mentioning here that the Black Death was part of a continuum of occurrences that constitute what is generally referred to as the demographic crises of late-medieval Europe, does not mean that it fits into the Malthusian argument. Like in the case of the great famine, there is no clear economics oriented explana tion that can adequately account for the Black Death. Thus the two are not linked to each other and do not fit in with the Malthusian argument. The only part of the late-medieval crises that can be explained adequately from an economics perspective and thus fit in with the argument that was advanced by Malthus are the ravaging wars that were rampant all over Europe. An important aspect of the Black Death in particular, is the rate at which it spread over the entire Europe and parts of Asia within such a short time. Several explanations are present in the literature to this effect. The disease started in Asia and came aboard merchant ships in rats and fleas as well as the merchants themselves. Its rapid spread is attributed to the flourishing trade after the great famine. Human movement was rife both within Europe and beyond because European merchants travelled everywhere. On their journeys back to their lands, they brought with them merchandise as well as all sorts of diseases. In t he process of distributing their merchandise to their European markets, the plague spread rapidly across the European continent because it is claimed to have been contagious (Zapotoczny 3). In addition, due to the generally filthy conditions of medieval Europe, rats and fleas had the opportunity to thrive and thus spread the disease unprecedentedly. Others note that it was believed to be God’s punishment due to the inequities of humanity, and thus flagellants sought to appease God through emulating the martyrdom of Jesus Christ. They were whipped and flogged in order to obtain God’s favor for themselves and the rest (Munro 12). This exposed others to their blood and through contact, the disease spread rapidly. The Black Death was incident in the entire Europe and some parts of Asia. No accounts of the pandemic spreading to other parts of the world apart from the Eurasian continent exist. There could be several reasons why such accounts do not exist in today’s li terature; however, it cannot be assumed that the pandemic was only affected Europe and Asia. Since the pandemic’s main pathways were trade routes between Asia and Europe, the Northern parts of Africa, especially Egypt, must have been affected. The pandemic is reported to have affected three continents and since Asia and Europe are the most clearly documented, the third continent must have been Africa due to its proximity to the two. The bottom line is that three out of the world’s six continents were affected by the Black Death. Effects of the Black Death and other late medieval crises Many effects followed the Black Death, but to understand them better, it is prudent to consider the economic situation of Europe before, during, and after the Black Death. There had been a protracted inflation, which ended with the onset of the fourteenth century (Munro 14). This inflation was followed by the great famine and other events that accompanied it such as animal epidemics. Aft er the great famine, the European economy picked a positive pattern and grew to pre-famine levels before the onset of the Black Death; but even then, there was an economic meltdown (Bridbury 394). Wages for laborers were at an all time high just before the Black Death, which is an indicator that the economy was doing well. This positive trend can be attributed to a departure from over reliance on agriculture because the famine had demonstrated the perils of such a lifestyle. Unfortunately, the flourishing economic activities that followed the great famine only served to worsen the Black Death by aggravating its spread. After the Black Death, employers’ scrambled for the few remaining laborers (Zapotoczny 3). What followed next was that wealth was at the disposal of a few and peasant laborers could earn several times more than before the Black Death. This pattern was replicated in the middle class with the result of increased wealth per capita. For the business community and p roperty owners, things were different for they had to pay higher wages hence lower profits (Haddock and Kiesling 549). The economic disruptions caused by the Black Death penetrated government systems occasioning some to come up with measures to stabilize their economies. For instance, the British Monarchy sought to establish ceilings for the prices of commodities and wages paid to laborers to eliminate any possibilities of their rise beyond the pre-plague levels (Zapotoczny 4). Similar trends were observed in parts of France, Germany, and Italy. Proprietors attempted to raise their incomes by seeking higher payments from their tenants. This move, coupled with the legislations that were not favorable towards peasants, led to uprisings in England and other parts of Europe in late fourteenth century (Zapotoczny 4). These unrests are considered as major contributors to the philosophical and scientific advancement in Western Europe and since they were not prevalent in Eastern Europe, it can be understood why it (Eastern Europe) trails its western counterparts (Zapotoczny 5) In the religious realm, the Black Death radically changed the position of the church in the eyes of the common person. The Black Death lowered the standing of the church leading to the sprouting of other religions and a general departure from church values among Europeans. The culture of Europe like many other aspects of life also changed after the plague. People became generally pessimistic about life and turned to alcohol and other substances that would help them to escape reality. This trend encouraged a culture of alcohol consumption, indulgence, and departure from social and moral norms of the pre-plague period among Europeans. Conclusion The occurrence of the Black Death remains unequaled in the history of the world. Although it affected Europe and significant parts of Asia, its severity transcends even global crises that have been recorded in the annals of world history. Its effects alter ed significantly the continent of Europe and traces of the culture that developed in its aftermath can still be pointed out in Europe today. It goes down as the most illustrious of all the pestilence that Europe, and even the entire world, has ever known in its history. Works Cited Cohn, Samuel. â€Å"The Black Death: End of a Paradigm.† The American Historical Review, vol.  107, no. 3, 2002, pp. 703-738. Bridbury, Anthony. â€Å"Before The Black Death.† The Economic History Review, vol. 30, no. 3, 1977, pp. 393-410. Haddock, David, and Lynne Kiesling. â€Å"The Black Death and Property Rights.† The Journal of Legal Studies, vol. 31, no. 2, 2002, pp. 545-587. Munro, John.  Before and After the Black Death: Money, Prices, and Wages in Fourteenth-Century England. PDF File. 2004. economics.utoronto.ca/public/workingPapers/UT-ECIPA-MUNRO-04-04.pdf. Zapotoczny, Walter. The Political and Social Consequences of the Black Death, 1348 – 1351. PDF file. 2006. w zaponline.com/BlackDeath.pdf. This essay on The Black Death, the Late Medieval Demographic Crises, and the Standard of Living Controversies was written and submitted by user Mina Lester to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

BUSINESS ETHICS essay

BUSINESS ETHICS essay BUSINESS ETHICS essay BUSINESS ETHICS essay1) What is the Categorical Imperative? How are the principles of Universalizability, Dignity of Persons, and the Kingdom of Ends derived from this Deontological Theory?  The categorical imperative is the concept introduced by E. Kant as a way to evaluate motivations for actions (). Kant stood on the ground that humans determine their actions by the categorical imperative which the philosopher viewed as the commandment of reason to act in certain way. In such a way, people could act morally or immorally (De George 71). While introducing the imperative Kant attempted to increase the objectivity of moral norms and principles and deter from utilitarian perspective on morality, which determined the morality of action by the principle of utility and common good. Instead, the imperative became the concept which admitted the presence of free will in individuals and the commandment of reason as the determinant factor that lead to moral or immoral actions undertaken by h umans. However, Kant went further in the development of his ideas concerning morality of actions and driving forces (De George 75). This is why he introduced the concept of the categorical imperative which was the absolute, unconditional requirement that asserts its requirement in all circumstances both required and justified as an end to itself. In such a way, unlike imperative, which may vary and depend on reasoning of individuals and different circumstances, the categorical imperative is absolute and unconditional that makes its the major criterion of morality that determines the morality of human actions.   At the same time, the concept of categorical imperative is grounded on the universal law or principle of universalizability that means that the categorical imperative is universal in its essence (De George 74). In terms of morality and ethic, this means that the categorical imperative is the core moral law which is unchangeable and unconditional whatever circumstances are. At the same time, the categorical imperative emerged within the framework of the deontological theory which held the premise that the morality of actions of the moral agent was determined by moral norms and principles on the ground of which this action was carried out. In this regard, the dignity of persons and kingdom of ends emerged as a part of the deontological theory and key concepts of this theory. The human dignity was the major value which determined the morality of actions since deontologists believed human dignity to be the major moral value that had to be respected unconditionally. The kingdom of ends rejected the utilitarian perspective implying that the ends justify means. Instead, deontologists insisted on the important of morality of actions and means to reach target ends debunking the superiority of ends over means.2) What is the distinction between causal responsibility and moral responsibility? What are, if any, the excusing conditions for moral responsibility? Wha t role do these excusing conditions play in terms of a) moral responsibility and b) moral accountability?The moral responsibility implies the responsibility of the moral agent for actions the agent carries out or inaction of the moral agent in accordance with one’s moral obligations. In contrast, the causal responsibility implies the responsibility not for the action, as is the case of the moral responsibility, but for the happening itself (De George 92). The moral agent should have the moral cause to act or not to act and causal responsibility implies the responsibility of the moral agent not for his/her actions but for the fact of happening of a sequence of actions triggered by certain cause.The moral responsibility is grounded on the morality of action or inaction that means that actions of individuals or moral agents should match existing moral norms and standards. The moral responsibility is the responsibility of the moral agent to respect existing moral norms and rules (De George 95). In such a situation, excuses to the moral responsibility may occur, when action or inaction of the moral agent had the moral excuse. In this regard, such a moral excuse is determinism which actually frees the moral agent of moral responsibility. In such a way, the moral agent can ignore his/her moral responsibility on the ground of determinism which make his/her actions useless if the outcome was determined by fate, for example. At the same time, if actions of the moral agent are immoral, he/she is considered to be morally accountable, regardless of determinism. Therefore, the excuse of the moral responsibility does not actually work in case of the moral accountability (De George 98). In such a way, the moral accountability should be distinguished from the moral responsibility since the moral accountability does not admit the excuse which is applicable to the moral responsibility. The distinction between moral responsibility and moral accountability is very important because it gives insight into the understanding of the difference in the morality of actions of individuals and their outcomes. Even though individuals can avoid the moral responsibility referring to determinism, they cannot escape from or avoid their moral accountability for their actions. At the same time, the moral responsibility has a considerable impact on actions of moral agents because the moral agent bears in mind moral implications of his/her actions since he/she is morally accountable. On the other hand, the moral agent can always refer to determinism to justify who he/she has failed to exercise his/her moral responsibility and committed immoral acts or admitted that immoral acts have been committed by others. In such a way, moral accountability being different from moral responsibility still correlate to each other because moral accountability is always present in human actions.BUSINESS ETHICS essay   part 2

TColorButton Delphi Component Source Code

TColorButton Delphi Component Source Code The background color of a  TButton  is controlled by Windows,  not Delphi. TButton is a simple wrapper around the standard Windows button, and Windows does not allow it to be colored except by choosing the colors in Control Panel.   This means you can not set the background color of a TButton, nor you can change the background color of TBitBtn or TSpeedButton. Since Windows insists on doing the background coloring with clBtnFace, the only way to change it is to draw the button yourself by making an owner-drawn button component. TColorButton Source Code The TColorButton adds three new properties to the standard TButton: BackColor  - Specifies the background color of the buttonForeColor  - Specifies the color of the button text. Note that this overrides the Font.Color propertyHoverColor  - Specifies the color used to paint the buttons background when the mouse hovers over the button. Heres how to set color-related properties of the TColorButton at runtime: ColorButton1.BackColor : clOlive; //background ColorButton1.ForeColor : clYelow; //text ColorButton1.HoverColor : clNavy; //mouse over Installing Into a Component Palette The TColorButton comes  as  a single unit file with the .PAS file extension. After downloading the component, you need to install the source component into an existing package.

Gender and Sexual Studies Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gender and Sexual Studies Questions - Assignment Example African American women are tempted by cars, houses and money if they take care about white and rich children, but in reality they have to look 24/7 after the children and have no days off. People, hiring domestic workers for dirty work in America very often beat their housemaids and nannies. How does it happen in the modern America? The scheme of exploitation is rather simple: employers confiscate passport and other documents of the coming women and sign a contract, where low paid working hours and hard work are described (Zarembka, p. 4). There are no even appropriate words to describe cruelty, sexual and physical assault practiced by employers against their hired housekeepers or nannies. Therefore, women from ethnic minorities or immigrants are often treated as â€Å"simple creatures† or even â€Å"slaves†. Domestic workers are hired by individual boss and it is hard for legal institutions to protect the rights of those â€Å"creatures†, hidden in private house s. These people from developing countries are looking for a better chance for life and they go to America â€Å"to make their dream come true†. In reality, as we can see in the film â€Å"Maid in America†, these women live their children in their developing countries and come to America for cleaning and bringing up children of other women. There are more than 10 million undocumented workers in America, which came to the country in the searching for a better life. More than 100,000 of them are deported to Mexico and Central America. Proponents claim that these are better lives for women in comparison with what they left at home. Very often these women are looking for better lives for their families, but on the other hand, in reality they penetrate in the cruel world of slavery. Non-English speaking help is easily controlled by the employers in America and they know that women have no place to go and they can work for low payments, in spite of the absence of social guara ntees or legal protection of their rights. Therefore, on the one hand, immigrants consider America as the most perfect dream, but on the other hand, they cannot make their dream come true. There is no doubt that financial concerns and a better future are two important triggers for â€Å"dirty work† performance. Still, there is a need to support developing countries and provide its dwellers with an opportunity to earn money and make future of their children better than they have at home. Thus, there is a need for prohibition of illegal human trafficking and shelters for illegal workers in America. Bridget Anderson in her article â€Å"Just Another Job? The Commodification of Domestic labor† claims that household duties cannot be done by working couple, which have children and money. They are busy at work and they need someone to help about the house. Middle-class women once having access to hiring domestic workers, get rid of their boring daily routine and have much tim e for their family, career, rest and themselves. On the one hand, if they are ready to pay for help, why not, but on the other hand, this domestic work is really degrading self-esteem of their employees and they are not satisfied with salary they get for doing daily routine jobs (Anderson, p. 2). It is better to bring up children with correct moral principles and enable them to take care about themselves. There is a lack of social viability of domestic

Summary about the Rwanda Genocide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary about the Rwanda Genocide - Essay Example The majority called Hutu and the minority the Tutsi. Tutsi held the majority of the political power despite their small population as compared to the Hutu. In 1984, the Germans became the first colonial power in Rwanda. They realized that the Tutsi had light skins, and they were tall. To the Germans, the characteristics resembled Europeans hence they favoured them in issuing responsibilities. The First World War made the Germans lose their colonies including Rwanda (Mamdani, 2001). Belgium took over Rwanda and introduced the identity cards. The Tutsi continued to receive favour from the Belgians, leaving the Hutu behind. the Belgians gave the Tutsi leadership positions which made the majority of the population, the Hutu terribly angry. However, during Rwanda’s’ struggle for independence, the Belgians made the new self-dependent government in the hands of the Hutu. This further increased the tension between the two ethnic communities. In 1994, the year which the genocide took place, President Habyarimana while coming back from Tanzania, was assassinated. A surface-to-air missile shot the presidents plane killing everyone on board. This made the Hutu extremely angry, and within 24 hours of the assassination the slaughter had started. In Kigali, the Hutu blocked the roads and interrogated the road users. They were supposed to produce their identity cards to prove that they were Hutus. The Tutsi were killed instantly. The killings were done by the use of clubs, machete and knives. The Hutu youths who doing the killings called themselves interahamwe, this means those who strike as one. They also went after the government officials who were Tutsi and the Hutu officials who supported the Tutsi (Mamdani, 2001). This included the prime minister. Ten Belgians UN peacekeepers tried to protect the prime minister and were killed in the process. The Tutsi started running towards the hills

Wendys Case Study Essay Example for Free

Wendys Case Study Essay Introduction: The case objective was to analyze Wendy’s previous and current strategy and the accounting report to decide whether or not to add the chili on the new menu. In another word, we will test if the chili still does a large contribution to the total revenue of Wendy’s. 1. Wendy’s success is based on the combination of product differentiation, market segmentation, quality food, quick service, and reasonable prices. We will talk about each on the following: Product differentiation: The most important product of Wendy’s is the â€Å"old fashioned† hamburger. This is a hamburger made from fresh beef and is squared in a unique shape so as to differentiate from the others’. Wendy’s made the concept of â€Å"limited menu† that just includes four main products so as to be convenient for customers to choose the food. Market segmentation: Young adults and adults are the main target customers of Wendy’s when it is found. The target group is sufficient in size to merit disproportionate attention and it is growing over time. Its potential profitability is considerably greater than its size. Quality food: â€Å"Quality is our recipe† is the permanent part of Wendy’s logo. In Wendy’s, Quality not only just means the food they served but also includes the way they treated customers and employees. Wendy’s quality services range from â€Å"old fashioned† hamburger which is made from fresh beef that was cooked to order and served directly from the grill to customers, to the layout of their restaurant and franchises that is specially designed. Quick service: Dave’s initial goal is to build the first restaurant in Columbus that can get a really good hamburger without waiting 30 minutes. Wendy’s set a dining room that is designed to seat 92 customers, and a pick-up window to serve drive-thru customers in every restaurant and expand the scale continuously. Reasonable prices: Wendy’s believe that one way for them to remain price competitive and still serve a better quality product was to limit the number of menu items. For example, they save the materials from making chili which is from â€Å"well-done† beef patties that could not be served as â€Å"hot ‘n juicy† old fashioned hamburgers. 2. The Wendy’s â€Å"limited menu† was launched by Mr. Thomas, the founder of Wendy’s, in early days. He decided that their menu only contains four main products: hamburgers, chili, french fries, and Wendy’s Frosty Dairy Dessert. By pursuing this special â€Å"limited menu†, Wendy’s remains the price competitive and gains above average returns. However, with the increasing of competitive of competitive pressures and changing customer demands, Wendy’s had no choice but to add other foods in their menu such as chicken and baked potatoes. By studying the Wendy’s â€Å"limited menu†, we think that the â€Å"limited menu† is a double-edged sword for this company. Advantage: It is the foundation of Wendy’s strategy that differentiated Wendys from McDonalds and Burger King. It increased the company’s benefit and reputation. Secondly, it improved the quality of products and reduced the cost due to the increasing of working efficiency. Moreover, it also saved customers’ time in ordering. Disadvantage: With the improving of human life, there is a growing demand of product variety. As we see it, it would hardly be a long term solution to serve such a large amount of increasing customers. Although giving up the â€Å"limited menu† may lead the company to loss some of benefits, it is good for company’s long term development. Wendy’s aggressively introduce new menu to their restaurants to respond to increasing competitive pressures and changing customer demand in the quick-service industry. The company’ competitors had substantially improved the quality of their products, service, facilities, and menu items, so the â€Å"limited menu† is not Wendy’s competitive advantage any more. 3. Wendy’s drive-thru window is more successful than their competitors has following reasons. First is their site selection of restaurants. Wendy’s restaurants were usually located in urban or densely populated suburban areas, and their success depended upon serving a large volume of customers. Secondly, Wendy’s â€Å"limited menu† makes it convenient for customers to order. on the other side, it boosts employees’ efficiency. That’s the main reason why Wendy’s achieved above average returns than other competitors at the beginning.

Personal Narrative- Infliction of Wrath Essay -- Personal Narrative, e

Swirling fog and dynamic light surround my silhouette, a warped halo of ominous colors accentuating the restrained passion of my abrupt, powerful gestures. A demonic cackle resonates from my parted, sneering lips, a sense of power emanating from my very pores. I summon my strength for my greatest achievement, my moment of glory, the heroes of humanity having fallen before my wrath, as pleas for reconsideration bombard my deaf ears. The stroke of a button - water vapor and carbon are the last remnants of the blue and green orb that for so long careened around a furnace of burning hydrogen. So shall be my final moments as a supervillain, an evil and ominous figure against which hordes of mortals shall struggle and fall. My domination and destruction of the Earth shall be preceded by the acquiring of psychic superpowers, struggles with some benevolent archrival, and a glorious battle for humanity in which I shall triumph. I have fought one battle at a time, and my longest thus far is drawing to a close. High school has marked a gradual but inevitable transformation from my idealis...

Advertising Analysis

Advertisements often find ways to sell their products by psychologically manipulating people. The advertising industry makes us envious of others and convinces us to be unhappy with what we have (Valko). Steve Madden ads usually feature women with absurdly large heads and hourglass bodies which try to force the audience to wonder what the ad is about. One of these odd ads appears in the March/April 2001 issue of Twist Magazine. It features a young woman with a big head helplessly running, as an airplane zooms over her at an abandoned airport. There are three characteristics within the ad that contribute the whole idea that Steve Madden shoes, clothes and accessories will improve your self image. The main purpose of Steve Madden ads is to suggest to its viewers that they will feel good about themselves by wearing his products. The model’s big head conveys self-esteem and self-pride and she challenges the consumer to look as good as she does. The young woman wears a face of apprehension and is running away from her old self to start her new confident life with Steve Madden products. The sleek black leather jacket on top of a sexy white shirt, short enough to reveal her stomach and curvaceous hips together with her tight low rider blue jeans, black pointy high boots, and trendy black bag complete her fashionable outfit. The embellished woman’s physique is aimed to appeal to women and girls between the ages of 16 through 25 in search of funky, hip, sexy clothes. Steve Madden likes to think of his clothes of as being distinctive and he illustrates his idea by setting an abandoned airport as the background for the ad. There is not a body in sight as the model runs across the old gum stained pavement. This calls attention to the idea that by wearing Steve Madden buyers isolate themselves from everyone else. She is too proud and conceited and cannot imagine being compared to anyone else. The Steve Madden logo in the ad also contributes to the main idea of the ad. It could have been anywhere on the page, why the sky. Steve Madden ads always have their logos imprinted on the sky to imply that the â€Å"sky is the limit† with Steve madden products (Liza). Steve Madden’s use of the airplane flying across the model’s head are to let his consumers know that the only thing to stop them from accomplishing the look they have in mind is the limit the set upon themselves. Steve Madden will help its buyers attain the appearance they have always envisioned. Furthermore, it can be said, in Bertrand Russell’s words that â€Å"Good advertisements will either make the audience envious of the lifestyle being advertised, or will generate within the audience the desire to be envied by others† (Harris). Many advertisers aren’t as successful but Steve Madden manages to persuade his buyers to buy his products through his eccentric ads.

The Baroque Period

The Baroque period happened between 1600-1750. The word â€Å"baroque† comes from the Portuguese word barroom which meaner â€Å"misshapen pearl†; it is a negative description of the elaborate and heavily ornamented music of this period. Baroque music forms a major portion of the classical music canon, being widely studied, performed, and listened to. Composers of the baroque era include Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frederic Handel, Antonio Vivaldi and George Philipp Telltale. The development of functional tonality happened during the baroque period.Functional analogy is the relationship between chords (cadences – perfect, imperfect, interrupted). This also led to elaborate ornamentations in music (e. G. Trills, structural, glissando). It changed the way we wrote music and new styles of techniques were invented. Baroque music expanded the size, range, and complexity of instrumental performance, and also established opera as a musical genre. An important techniqu e used in baroque music was the use of ground bass, a repeated bass line.Modes (Modes – Any of the eight scales of the medieval music, each extinguished by its ending note, its arrangement of pitches in intervals, and its range. ) were replaced by the major and minor key system (Diatonic scales). The popularity and success of the Baroque style was encouraged by the Roman Catholic Church. Opera's were fist composed in the Baroque period. The first opera was written in 1597, called ‘Deafen', and was composed by Perl. The first truly great opera was composed by Monteverdi in 1607, and was called ‘Refer'. The music heightens the dramatic impact.There was a lot of instrumental routinely (Italian for return, and meaner when a section returns). Before each verse of the aria (song), we hear an instrumental routinely. Here are some examples of operas overture's from different countries. Italy – Scarlatti operas often began with an overture in three sections: quick, slow, quick. This was the Italian Overture (an overture is an instrumental introduction to an opera). Scarlatti designed the arias in his operas in dad capo form, I. E. ABA. Another name for this is ternary form.France – Lully's operas began with a French Overture. Slow, quick, slow. This is the other way round to an Italian Overture Oratorios were also first formed in the baroque period. This is vocal music which at first was very similar to operas. (They had arias, choruses and recitatives) The main difference was that an Oratorio was based on a sacred story. Eventually oratorios ceased to act out, and were given musical presentation only. Handel's Messiah, Samson, Israel and Egypt are all Oratorios. Also in oratorios there was a passion.A assign is a special oratorio telling the story of Chrism's crucifixion. Besides recitatives, arias and choruses, Bach also included settings of chorales (German hymn tunes). During the Baroque period, the orchestra started to take shape. The string section became a self-contained unit. To this composers would add other instruments in ones and twos: Flutes, Recorders, Oboes, Bassoons, Horns, and occasionally trumpets and kettle drums. Monarchs/nobles employed composers because they wanted to show that they are richer than the others. The Baroque Period The Baroque Period The Baroque term comes from the Portuguese word barroom, which meaner misshapen pearl Jean-Jacques Rousseau defined baroque music as that in which the harmony is confused, charged with modulations and dissonances, the melody is harsh and little natural, the intonation difficult, and the movement constrained. The Baroque period was highly decorated and it reflects on the elaborate nature and complexity of the music compositions. Others have likened Baroque music to listening to multiple people having a conversation at the same time.Baroque music as also applied to other forms of fine art, including architecture It was thought to have started in about 1570 as the music of the Renaissance changed to a more Baroque style There is more agreement that the Baroque period ended at the middle of the eighteenth century. The Baroque music era was a period that witnessed many advances in knowledge and changes in culture. Protestant Reformation had changed the landscape of reli gion and theology in Europe. Europe had turned toward rationalism and humanism to guide policies and philosophy.The Baroque period is he first to be among the musical pieces that people today are generally familiar with. Characteristics of Baroque Music Composers and musicians during this time thought of themselves more as craftsmen than artists. They often made their living through patrons or individuals who supported them in exchange for their music. Patrons included not only the wealthy in society, but also the nobility and the church. The music of this period was often composed for specific circumstances, whether it was a party or a religious event.Some composers also worked as music tutors, composing easier compositions for heir students. Because of the deliberate and specific reasons for compositions, individual pieces were not generally thought of as great compositions that would be played over and over and have a lasting impact. The pieces that were like the improvised music we find in society today that unique pieces of music to be played, but not generally remembered beyond today. Figured Bass The music during this time was actually quite diverse and varied.Scholars often separate and categorize Baroque music into early, middle, and late Baroque music or into Italian, German, French, and English music. In both music and art of the period, artists were concerned with describing emotions and feelings. Figured bass- A musical notation using numbers to indicate chords, intervals, and other aspects in relation to the bass note of the music. Basso continuo- a harmony of the music, an instrument that was capable of playing chords played the basso continuo, such as a harpsichord, organ, or harp.The musician playing the basso continuo structure would play the bass note indicated in the harmony and then add in other notes on the chord as needed. The figured bass then helped the musician playing the basso Antonio by giving numbers under the bass note to indicat e which chords should be played in that spot. Ornamentation and Orchestras Ornamentation- the use of non-necessary musical flourishes, such as trills and grace notes, to the basic melody or harmony. Many composers used extensive ornamentation in their pieces. Grace notes are notes that are not counted in the total time value.Baroque music also tends to focus on one emotion in a single piece. The emotion that the piece is trying to capture or describe is the music's effects. Orchestras- larger instrumental ensembles or groups that contain brass, string, recursion, and woodwind instruments. Forms of Baroque Music Baroque music featured a number of different forms or types of music. Music scholars call the plan that a composer has in mind when composing a piece of form a form. Form helps to give structure to a composition, and composers often combined one or more forms of music as they created new types of music.Opera Poppers can be defined as a dramatic work in which singers and music ians use both a musical score and a text or libretto. Composers combined a broad comedy with tragic elements. The comedic operas come to be known as opera buff Opera series- A very stylized and puts a greater emphasis on the experienced and masterful singer. Oratorios- Similar to operas. They are concert pieces rather than a form of musical theater. They tended to be more serious and dramatic. They were large-scale compositions, including soloists, choirs, and orchestras.The Instrumental Suite Instrumental suite- A series of dances Prelude: This is a shorter piece that comes before the other parts of the instrumental suite. Allemande: This piece is a moderate tempo dance which derived from German dances. Originally, this was the first piece of the instrumental suite, but over time, the ruled took the first spot. Often regarded as a serious dance, the allemande was characterized by couples forming two lines and parading back and forth in the room. Current: This piece is a triple mete r, fast-paced dance.Literally, the word current meaner â€Å"running. † Serenade: This piece is usually a slow triple meter dance, slower and more grave than the original Spanish dance that it is based on. Segue: This piece is a fast dance in 6/8 time. Originating in the British Isles, it is somewhat reminiscent of the Irish Gig. Some compositions included additional pieces, such as some of the ones listed here: Hornpipe: This piece is a fast, lively dance. It is said to have been created aboard English sailing vessels and the movements are those that a sailor might do as part of his duties.Minuet or Minuet: This piece is one of the best known of the Baroque instrumental suites. The minuet is a social dance for a couple. Gavotte: This piece has a moderate to fast tempo. The dance is French in origin. Air or rare: This piece is simple and written for either instrument or voice. English lute Ares were popular in the court of Elizabeth I during the sixteenth century. Bourne: Thi s piece is played at a moderate to lively tempo. Handel often used a fast tempo in the pieces that he composed. Of French origin, the Bourne is similar to the Gavotte.Paean: This piece is a slower processional dance. Baroque Composers Claudio Monteverdi- His work serves as the point where Renaissance music ends and Baroque music begins. He was a transitional figure between the two eras, using characteristics of both musical time periods in his work. He also wrote one of the earliest operas. He was born in northern Italy and his early learning in music came about through his participation in a cathedral choir. His earlier pieces includes sacred madrigals He composed and published a book of this musical form.The Taboo Libra, was his eighth madrigal publication, and it is regarded by some to be the perfect example of this form of music His music is divided into different parts covering the themes of love and war. For many years he served in the court of Mantra At first he served as a m usician and singer, before becoming a court conductor Later in his life he became a priest and he continued to compose He died in 1643 Antonio Vivaldi- Is regarded by many to be one of the greatest composers during the Baroque period. His influences spread across Europe and he was well known for his instrumental concertos.One of the most famous violin concertos is The Four Seasons He was born in Italy in 1678 He was ill child but still managed to learn how to play the violin and began to study for the priesthood at 15 years of age. He became priest in 1703, when he was 25 years old. With the color of his hair he got the nickname â€Å"The Red Priest† Vivaldi At age 27, he published his first sonatas He was well known for working at an orphanage teaching the children there music ND composing works for them to play He created forms there and the forms included solo motets as well as large scale composition.In Venice he wrote several operas as well as â€Å"The Four Seasonsâ₠¬  It features the sounds of birds, running creeks, ice skating, storms,and winter fires. At the end of life he experienced financial issues and moved to Vienna, and became a pauper. He died in 1741 at 64 years old He died of internal infection His music is characterized as innovation and creativity J. s. Bach He composed music in many different forms, including both sacred and secular works.His works are mastery of the compositional techniques of the time, and many feature expressive melodies. He grew up in Germany, he was born in 1685 He family was all composed of musicians. He was orphaned at the age of ten and moved back in with an older brother before he got a scholarship to a music school at 14 years old Johann Sebastian Bach Graduated in 1703 He became the court organist in Whimper and later the choirmaster for Duke Wilhelm When he took a position at SST.Thomas Church he composed mostly religious works, including a few masses, even though Bach himself was ;Lutheran By 1749, Bach Egan to experience failing eyesight After the surgery, it didn't work so he ended up being blind after the surgery He died in 1750 at 65 years old from a stroke complicated by pneumonia Stages of his life Early work 1708-1717 Bach's organ music Middle work 1718-1723 Bach's instrumental works Late work 1724-1750 Sacred choral music His work was mathematically precise, his work had technical mastery that many other composers could only hope for.He tended to write down the basic notations on the melody, giving musicians and singer the ability to add embellishments of their own music. He tended to write out most of the notation in his scores. This gave him greater control over the complex textures and embellishments that he added to his music. He also tended to leave some of the instrumental notations more basic in his work, particularly some of the longer pieces.George Frederica Handel German born Known as best composer Born 1685 He began studying law, his father's profession Afte r his father died he gave up law and studied music 1704 He began working at Hamburg Opera house His first two operas were performed He was involved with the founding of the Royal Cad. Of Music in London In April 737, he experienced a stroke, but lost strength in his right arm but ended up recovering and performing again He died in 1759 and was buried at Westminster Abbey His accomplishments 42 Operas more than 120 cantatas, duets, and trios Conclusion In this module, we learned more about the music of the Baroque period.In doing so, we learned about some of the influences on Baroque music and the characteristics of Baroque music. We learned about several of the popular forms of Baroque music, including operas. Finally, we examined four composers who exemplify Baroque music and who helped to influence and direct the creativity of this time period. The Baroque Period The Baroque period originated in 1600 and ended in 1750 2. The Peterson is the estate of Peter the Great, in SST. Petersburg Russia. Bartholomew Reasserts models it. This building was key symbol of the era. 3. Baroque painters used various colors and deep shadows to create a rich texture this can be seen in the piece Rembrandt painted The Storm on the Sea of Galilee. 4. In the baroque period there was a intense dispute over religion.John Bunyan (1628-1688) was an English Protestant writer and a Astor. He is most famous for composing The Pilgrim's Progress. Another important Protestant writer of the time is John Gill. He was an English theologian who wrote A Body of Doctrinal Divinity in 1767. 5. Three famous baroque scientists were Isaac Newton, Galileo Galilee and Francis Bacon. Galileo Galilee was an astronomer and invented the telescope, Isaac Newton created the laws of motion and Francis Bacon invented the bacon method 6.An opera is a play where everything is vocally reduced alon g with orchestral accompaniment and incorporates many aspects of spoken theatre such as acting. An example is Jus Boggling and Robert Merrill, the pearl fisher's duet. 7. Music was used as entertainment at the courts of the nobility. Music was very scarce and was treated very valuably as there was no way of listening other than live music. 8. Baroque music in churches was sung by choirs, often with organs, wind string and percussion instruments complementing them. Most people were taught in orphanages to study and play music, although musical instruments were only for the rich and privileged The Baroque Period Opera – â€Å"drama presented in music, with the characters singing instead of speaking† Joseph German, p. 87): One cannot speak of Baroque opera without mentioning the name of Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643). Monteverdi has the distinction of being known as the first great composer in the genre of opera, as well as the last true madrigals of his time. He began writing his madrigals at a very early age and composed operas well into his seventies. Although much of his music has not survived to this day, one very important assistance did; The Coronation of Poppa.This opera is done in recitative style as well as aria. Recitative is when the characters half sing, half recite the words presented in an opera while being very careful to follow accents and rhythms of true speech closely. Aria is part in an opera which is penned for soloist and orchestra. The recitative is used to demonstrate plot action, dialogue, and other dramatic situations within an opera. Arias are used in an opera when elaboration of a piece is needed. The soloist can be more melodic, more consistent with the rhythm, clearer and better understood by the audience, and is usually accompanied by all of the orchestra.It gives the soloist great use of word-painting. This is a very notable Italian opera by Monteverdi as it is relating the adulterous liaison of Poppa and Nero which triumphs, although history records that the victory was hollow. It is also very notable because of its exquisite use of recitative and arias to tell the story. This is a great piece of secular composition for the era. Concerto – One of the â€Å"most important orchestral genres of sacred music during the Baroque era† Joseph German, p. 120) (the other being concerto gross). Concerto is the contrasting of the orchestra and soloist.This contrast pits the power (along with the stability) of the orchestra against virtuosity and vocal styling of the soloist. Three ways in which composers used concerto in orchestras during the Baroque period was through the various movements which they created in their music, the reiteration form which typically started off the movement, and the Baroque variation form which shows the Baroque need for predictable and structured movements. Movements essentially are sections of music which are self-contained but, are part of a larger piece.In multi-movement works, movements â€Å"will always show variety in meter, tempo, key, mood, and musical form† Joseph German, p. 121). The reiteration form concentrates on the contrast between orchestra and soloist. While the solo piece is faster and brilliant, the reiteration orchestral piece is heavier and forceful. Lastly, the Baroque variation form is the continuous, nonstop repetition of a single clear and precise musical unit, with changes that keep the audience interested without losing focus of the original musical theme. It should be further noted that Baroque variations have patterns.They tend to be resent over repeating bass patterns. These repeating bass patterns are called basso station. Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741) was the best of the best in concerto. His Violin Concerto in G demonstrates this clearly and evidently in its first movement. It is a triple-meter movement done in reiteration. There is a contrasting solo violin, virtuoso solo violin, then it becomes more expressive, then even freer, very fast, then he pulls it back in line at the end. It is a great representation of orchestra using the reiteration form.Oratorio – â€Å"an opera on a religious subject, such as an Old Testament story or the life f a saint† Joseph German, p. 144). This genre of music was the most operatic of any other religious music during the Baroque period. This a sacred genre of music. Oratorio is comprised of chorus, orchestra, and the all important solo voices. Also, oratorios were usually done without the benefit of scenery, costumes, or even acting for that matter. They were n ever stage as operas were, but had plots which were narrative, several acts, real characters, and action which was implied.The text of an oratorio is based upon scripture and takes over the operatic features of recitatives ND arias. However, it also uses the chorus which played little role in the Italian operas of the era. Most religious genres of the time were written for church services but, the oratorio was more like a second musical religious service in that it was primarily used as a form of entertainment instead of opera for religious services such as Lent. Since it was not intended for liturgical uses, oratorios could be performed in churches as well as concert halls.George Frederic Handel (1685-1759) was the one who popularized oratorios after Italian opera began to meet its demise. He was the composer of the Messiah which is still performed today and, can be noted that it is the only composition of that era that has continually been performed since its original appearance. The Messiah is a wonderful piece of oratorio, full of enjoyable nuances in the orchestral as well as the choral parts. It is those nuances which bring emotion to the theme redemption as well as the theme of salvation. It contains melodies of interspersed choral with soaring soprano solos mixed with, alto, tenor and bass.When you listen you will note that there are clear-cut melodies throughout, which alternate between the previously mentioned soaring notes and pomp and circumstances of nobility. It can be heard that brass plays a very great role in the orchestra. It is still one of the most famous classical pieces that exists. I believe this might be due to Handel's almost flawless use of oratorio form. Not typical of other oratorios, Messiah does not rely on characters to depict the story in recitative and arias, but the text is Biblical. This makes it a piece from the sacred genre but, a piece that has endured the ages and still delights the multitudes.

Bring and Take

Bring and Take Bring and Take Bring and Take By Jacquelyn Landis Writers tend to get confused about when to use bring and take. Many think that the two words can be used interchangeably, but they do have two distinctly different uses. Which one you use depends entirely on your perspective for the action. Bring indicates action coming toward the speaker; take means action taken away from the speaker. So from your perspective, your kids will bring their homework to you to check, and then they’ll take it to school tomorrow. From your kids’ perspective, they’ll take their homework to you and then bring it with them when they go to school tomorrow. The trick is to think about your location. Something coming your way is brought to you. Something going away is taken from you. It can get confusing occasionally, and when it does you have to depend on the surrounding context to help you determine the point of reference. Check out these examples: Be sure to bring a jacket with you in case it gets cold. Be sure to take a jacket with you in case it gets cold. Both can be correct. In the former example, the meaning is to carry the jacket with you to where you are going. It’s likely that this would be something the person you’re joining would say to you. In the latter example, the meaning is to take it away from your starting point. It sounds a lot like something Mom would say as you’re running out of the house. To simplify the concept even more, think of it like this: you bring things here and take them there. It’s not an infallible method, but it works most of the time. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Types of Narrative ConflictIs There a Reason â€Å"the Reason Why† Is Considered Wrong?How to Style Legislative Terms

15 Quick and Easy College Breakfast Ideas

15 Quick and Easy College Breakfast Ideas If youre one of the rare college students who actually eat breakfast, chances are youre rushed for time and short on ideas. And if youre one of the many college students who skip breakfast, chances are youre hungry for most of the day. Eating breakfast- even during your crazy-busy college years- is, as your mom told you, highly important. That little morning meal can help you focus, maintain your energy, prevent you from overeating throughout the day, and generally help kick-start your day. So what kinds of things can you eat that wont break the bank- or your waistline? 15 College Breakfast Ideas Muffins. You can buy pre-packaged muffins or you can make them yourself. Either way, they wont go stale for a while and they are easy to grab (and eat!) as youre running out the door.Toasted English muffin and peanut butter. Its easy. Its cheap. And its full of protein to help you power through your day.Peanut butter and jelly. Even the busiest of students can find 30 seconds to put together this classic sandwich.A piece of fresh fruit. Consider an apple or a banana- theyre natures original to-go foods and theyre good for you, too.Granola or energy bars. Keep an eye on the calories, but these little bars can pack a big dose of protein to help you make it through your morning.Veggies. Who says you can only have fruit for breakfast? Grab a bag of baby carrots and munch all the way to class. Added bonus: You can keep the snack bag with you throughout the day and munch as needed.Yogurt. You can get yogurt in a cup, in a smoothie, or even in a frozen pop. And yogurt is a healthy breakfast that often tastes like dessert. Whats not to like? Cereal and milk. Its a classic for a reason. Consider buying cereal in bulk, too; you can split it with your friends and save some serious cash.Dry cereal in a baggie. Dont have time to eat a nice bowl of your favorite cereal with milk? Pour some cereal in a Ziploc bag for an instant, on-the-go snack.Trail mix. The stuff can last for weeks and is a great way to power up without losing too much time- or cash. Just make sure the mix you choose isnt candy in disguise.Breakfast burritos. You can buy frozen ones you can heat up in the microwave, or make your own ahead of time for maximum convenience and savings. Tortillas scrambled eggs cheese other tasty items an awesome breakfast you can eat on the run. Consider adding leftovers from last nights dinner (veggies, rice, beans, and meat) for variety and extra flavor.Frozen waffles or pancakes. You can buy these frozen or make them yourself and then freeze them. Either way, a quick drop in the toaster or microwave leads to a great hot b reakfast with little to no effort. Pop Tarts or their equivalent. Consider buying a generic brand; youll save money but still get a little morning treat.Cheese and crackers. Cut a few slices of cheese, grab some crackers, and throw everything in a small Ziploc bag. Youll have a tasty breakfast ready in under a minute.Dried fruit. A small baggie of dried apricots, pineapples, apples, or other fruits you enjoy is an easy way to get a healthy, fruit-based breakfast- without having to worry about the fruit going bad. Consider buying in bulk to save money.

Critically access the advantages and disadvantages of international Essay

Critically access the advantages and disadvantages of international co-production in 'world cinema'. Illustrate your answer with specific examples - Essay Example World cinema addresses themes that are generally not explored or known to traditional western and Hollywood film makers. In this way, world cinema offers interesting perspectives on the issues of diverse communities across the globe. World cinema needs to be distinguished from terms such as second and third cinema which describe films produced on alternative or post-colonial themes (Fraunhar, 2005). World cinema does not profess such ambitions and strives for creating diversity and a distinct identity in global cinema. The popularity of world cinema has increased with the success of international world film festivals such as those hosted at Cannes, Berlin, Venice and other destinations. This popularity has led to international co-productions in world cinema where production teams from two or more countries collaborate on producing a film addressing issues that connect the different cultures. McFadyen, Hoskins & Finn (1998) have identified several important advantages and disadvantages of such international co-production. This paper analyzes these advantages and disadvantages in the light of critical research using specific examples of world cinema. One of the significant advantages of international co-production in world cinema is gaining access to a common financial resource for the countries involved in the co-production. When analyzed from a critical perspective, this is an important advantage and may even be beneficial to promoting the development and growth of world cinema. Often times, cinema from non-English speaking countries may be deprived of a global or international audience because of limited financial resources at the disposal of the film producers. This is also disadvantageous to the global film industry because it is deprived of unique alternative narratives and storytelling techniques. Therefore, international co-production makes financial resources accessible to production companies operating in smaller local film

The USA Patriot Act as a Threat Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The USA Patriot Act as a Threat - Essay Example The United States of America Patriot Act was born right after the September 11, 2001 attacks of the terrorist that made a great impact on the government of the United States of America and the whole world. The USA Patriot Act serves as an anti-terrorism act. The Patriot Act was making possible for the America to be united and to strengthen the nation by providing the necessary tools that are needed to interrupt and block the terrorist act. The interruption and obstruction of these possible terrorists' acts are made through the expansion of the law enforcer's surveillance and giving them additional powers and rights to investigate that brought threat to the privacy and democratic tradition in the history of the United States. President Bush had officially signed the USA Patriot Act on the 26th day of October 2000.The Patriot Act gave threat to the millions of US citizens. This is due to the power given to the law enforcers and giving them the right to enter records of the normal inhab itants of the country. The act supports the rights to access the medical records, tax records, and other basic information such as the books you buy, the books you borrowed even without a cause. The Patriot Act also provides the law enforcers the rights to enter your house without the permission coming from you, and make researches without telling the owner for several weeks, months or even not telling you at all.There are several modifications on the act. Some of these are the surveillance laws, the tracking of suspected terrorist, and the capture of those suspected. The modifications includes the dual purpose of the act to give the authorities the rights to intervene in the personal, private and confidential telephone calls, face-to-face communication and communications through the use of computer and together with these is the right for those who are the authorities to the identification and the interception of those suspected as criminal communications. The modifications on the act regarding the telephone calls, whether it maybe a highly personal calls, that really are of the person's privacy context are included, are not hidden for the authorities through checking on the telephone company records of the calls made from an individuals home of to the individual's telephone. Wiretapping as it was called or electronic eavesdropping or the electronic surveillance can be done by the authorities without prior notice. Also, the bank records of an individual, and the deals made are also tracked. Procedures The procedures that are under the modification of the act are the following: the authorities are permitted to pen register and trace and trap orders that are made through the use of electronic communications such as deals done through the electronic-mail or the like the nationwide implementation for pen registers, trap and trace devices, and the access to the communication records and stored electronic mails are authorized the stored voice mail and telephone conversations stored can be treated by the authorities the interception of communications from an intruder or to the intruder inside the computer system by authorities are permitted but with the system's owner's permission the authorities are given the authority to put the terrorist and computer crimes to the offense list protection for the authorities are supported by the Patriot Act the Patriot Act of the USA aims for the foreign intelligence investigators' and the law enforcement's cooperation those who are on the authority and the government personnel, under the Patriot Act are protected for some of the communications privacy violation Protective Measures of the Patriot Act The USA Patriot Act had designed protective measures for the authorities. The protective measures focused on the prevention of the abuse of the given rights